Self-healing materials could arise from finding that tension can fuse metalIt was a result so unexpected that MIT researchers initially thought it must be a mistake: Under certain conditions putting a cracked piece of metal under tension -- that is exerting a force that would be expected to pull it apart -- has the reverse effect causing the crack to close and its edges to fuse together.The surprising finding could lead to self-healing materials that repair incipient damage before it has a chance to spread. The results were published in the journal Physical Review Letters in a paper by graduate student Guoqiang Xu and professor of materials science and engineering Michael Demkowicz.We had to go back and check Demkowicz says when instead of extending [the crack] was closing up. First we figured out that indeed nothing was wrong. The next question was: 'Why is this happening?'The answer turned out to lie in how grain boundaries interact with cracks in the crystalline microstructure of a metal -- in this case nickel which is the basis for superalloys used in extreme environments such as in deep-sea oil wells.By creating a computer model of that microstructure and studying its response to various conditions We found that there is a mechanism that can in principle close cracks under any applied stress Demkowicz says.A computer simulation of the molecular stucture of a metal alloy showing the boundaries between microcystalline grains (white lines forming hexagons) shows a small crack (dark horizontal bar just right of bottom center) that mends itself as the metal is put under stress. This simulation was one of several the MIT researchers used to uncover this new self-healing phenomenon. Simulation courtesy of Guoqiang Xu and Michael DemkowiczMost metals are made of tiny crystalline grains whose sizes and orientations can affect strength and other characteristics. But under certain conditions Demkowicz and Xu found stress causes the microstructure to change: It can make grain boundaries migrate. This grain boundary migration is the key to healing the crack Demkowicz says.The very idea that crystal grain boundaries could migrate within a solid metal has been extensively studied within the last decade Demkowicz says. Self-healing however occurs only across a certain kind of boundary he explains -- one that extends partway into a grain but not all the way through it. This creates a type of defect is known as a disclination.Disclinations were first noticed a century ago but had been considered just a curiosity Demkowicz says. When he and Xu found the crack-healing behavior he says it took us a while to convince ourselves that what we're seeing are actually disclinations.These defects have intense stress fields which can be so strong they actually reverse what an applied load would do Demkowicz says: In other words when the two sides of a cracked material are pulled apart instead of cracking further it can heal. The stress from the disclinations is leading to this unexpected behavior he says.Having discovered this mechanism the researchers plan to study how to design metal alloys so cracks would close and heal under loads typical of particular applications. Techniques for controlling the microstructure of alloys already exist Demkowicz says so it's just a matter of figuring out how to achieve a desired result.That's a field we're just opening up he says. How do you design a microstructure to self-heal? This is very new.The technique might also apply to other kinds of failure mechanisms that affect metals such as plastic flow instability -- akin to stretching a piece of taffy until it breaks. Engineering metals' microstructure to generate disclinations could slow the progression of this type of failure Demkowicz says.Such failures can be life-limiting situations for a lot of materials Demkowicz says including materials used in aircraft oil wells and other critical industrial applications. Metal fatigue for example -- which can result from an accumulation of nanoscale cracks over time -- is probably the most common failure mode for structural metals in general he says.If you can figure out how to prevent those nanocracks or heal them once they form or prevent them from propagating Demkowicz says this would be the kind of thing you would use to improve the lifetime or safety of a component.The work was funded by the BP-MIT Materials and Corrosion Center.Story Source:The above story is based on materials provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The original article was written by David L. Chandler. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.Journal Reference: